All integrated optical components and devices make use of «waveguides», where light is confined by total internal reflection. The elements in such «photonic chip» are interconnected through waveguides, and also the integrated optics components themselves are fabricated using waveguide configuration, such as couplers, switches, modulators, multiplexors, amplifiers and lasers, etc. These components are integrated in a single substrate, thus resulting in a compact and robust photonic device, which...
