После нескольких десятилетий, на протяжении которых человечество пыталось найти ответы на волнующие его вопросы на основе знаний из самых разных областей — от биохимии до компьютерной техники, — все более очевидным становился тот факт, что эти вопросы носят теологический характер и что ответы на них также может дать только теология. Данное обстоятельство способствовало созданию новой, более располагающей атмосферы для изучения теологии, соответственно выявило насущную потребность в основательных, хотя и общедоступных справочных изданиях. Старые издания, сколь бы хороши они ни были, адресованы прошлым поколениям и не соответствуют нашим сегодняшним потребностям. В итоге увидел свет «Словарь евангелической теологии» (СЕТ). (В русском издании — «Теологический словарь».) Он призван занять место «Теологического словаря Бейкера», который, со времени его публикации в 1960 г., честно прослужил двум поколениям студентов теологических учебных заведений. Значительно превосходя своего предшественника по количеству статей и объему текста, СЕТ тем не менее ограничен форматом однотомника. Такое ограничение дало хороший результат: все несущественное осталось за пределами Словаря. Первоначальный словник, состоявший из 8000 единиц, в процессе нескольких сокращений уменьшился приблизительно до 1200 единиц. Несомненно, по-прежнему будут высказываться различные мнения относительно того, действительно ли 1200 статей Словаря освещают наиболее существенные вопросы. Однако мы смиренно просим читателей понять, насколько трудно решить вопрос об изъятии или добавлении той или иной статьи.
Для более эффективной работы читателя со Словарем отметим несколько его особенностей. Во-первых, в каждой статье внимание сосредоточивается на теологическом измерении темы. Посвящена ли статья вопросам церковной истории, Библии или имеет биографический характер, упор делается на теологическое значение рассматриваемой темы, а не на значение темы самой по себе. Во-вторых, при всей близости авторам Словаря рассматриваемой проблематики их подход носит конструктивный характер, и во многих случаях в Словаре представлены критические оценки того или иного явления. В-третьих, СЕТ написан общедоступным языком. Редактор, авторы статей, издатели искренне надеются, что Словарь найдет своих читателей. Одна из целей Словаря состоит в том, чтобы ученый нашел его точным, а мирянин — понятным. В-четвертых, перекрестные ссылки в конце статей связывают различные словарные материалы, позволяя читателю более тщательно изучить вопрос в целом. В-пятых, приведенная библиография носит выборочный, а не исчерпывающий характер. В основном она ограничена работами на английском языке, поскольку это единственный язык, доступный большинству читателей.
Необходимо отметить, что в процессе работы, в которой принимало участие около двухсот человек, высказывались различные точки зрения. Никаких попыток добиться единообразия подходов при подготовке Словаря не предпринималось. Словарь представляет различные точки зрения, что отражает многообразие взглядов внутри самой евангелической общины. Однако фундаментальные положения христианской веры и абсолютный авторитет Библии не подвергаются в СЕТ ни малейшим сомнениям.
Отдельную благодарность выражаем всем тем, кому принадлежит особо важная роль при подготовке Словаря: Лорис Мейс, точно и аккуратно выполнившей все необходимые секретарские обязанности; моей жене Луэн Элвелл, терпение и организаторский талант которой направляли работу по единственно верному пути; Алану Фишеру из издательства Бейкер, проявившему исключительное понимание и оказавшему нам неоценимую помощь; Джин Хагер, редакторскую работу которой на заключительном этапе подготовки Словаря невозможно переоценить; и, наконец, Уитон-колледжу, предоставившему нам с осени 1982 г. годичный творческий отпуск.
Adie, Douglas К. Ph.D., University of Chicago. George F. Bennett Professor of Economics, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Akers, John N. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Special Assistant, The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, and Adjunct Professor of Bible, Montreat-Anderson College, Montreal, North Carolina.
Allis, OswaldT. Ph.D., University of Berlin. Sometime Professor of Old Testament, Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Allison, C. FitzSimons. D.Phil., Oxford University. Bishop, Diocese of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
Anderson, Marvin W. Ph.D., University of Aberdeen. Professor of Church History, Bethel Theological Seminary, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Archer, Gleason Leonard, Jr. Ph.D., Harvard University. Professor of Old Testament and Semitic Languages, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Atkinson, David J. Ph.D., University of London. Chaplain, Corpus Christi College, Oxford, England.
Babbage, Stuart Barton. Ph.D., University of London; Th.D., Australian College of Theology. Registrar, Australian College of Theology, Sydney, Australia.
Baird, John S. S.T.D., Temple University. Denise Professor of Homiletics and Ministry, University of Dubuque Theological Seminary, Dubuque, Iowa.
Baker, William H. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Associate Professor of Bible and Theology, Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, Illinois.
Barabas, Steven. Th.D., Princeton Theological Seminary. Sometime Professor Emeritus of Theology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Beegle, Dewey M. Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University. Professor of Old Testament, Wesley Theological Seminary, Washington, D.C.
Benner, David G. Ph.D., York University. Professor of Graduate Psychological
Studies, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Benton, W. Wilson, Jr. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Pastor, Covenant Presbyterian Church, Cleveland, Mississippi.
Bishop, Russell K. Ph.D., McGill University. Professor of History, Gordon College, Wenham, Massachusetts.
Blaising, Craig A. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Assistant Professor of Systematic Theology, Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas.
Bloesch, Donald G. Ph.D., University of Chicago. Professor of Theology, University of Dubuque Theological Seminary, Dubuque, Iowa.
Boettner, Loraine. Th.M., Princeton Theological Seminary. Sometime theological writer.
Borchert, Gerald L. Ph.D., Princeton Theological Seminary. Professor of New Testament Interpretation, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Kentucky.
Brandon, Owen Rupert. M.Litt., University of Durham. Formerly Tutor and Librarian , Lecturer in Theology and Psychology, London College of Divinity, London, England; Fellow and Librarian, St. Augustine's College, Canterbury, England.
Bromiley, Geoffrey W. Ph.D., Litt.D., University of Edinburgh. Senior Professor of Church History and Historical Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Broomall, Wick. Th.M., Princeton Theological Seminary. Sometime Minister, Westminster Presbyterian Church, Augusta, Georgia.
Brown, Colin. Ph.D., University of Bristol. Professor of Systematic Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Bruce, F. F. M.A., University of Aberdeen; M.A., Cambridge University; M.A., University of Manchester. Formerly Ry-lands Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis, University of Manchester, Manchester, England.
Burge, Gary M. Ph.D., University of Aberdeen. Assistant Professor, Bible and
Religion, King College, Bristol, Tennessee.
Burke, Gary T. Ph.D., University of Iowa. Associate Professor of Religion, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico.
Butman, Richard Eugene. Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Cameron, William John. M.A., University of Edinburgh. Professor Emeritus of New Testament Language, Literature, and Theology, Free Church of Scotland College, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Carson, Don A. Ph.D., Cambridge University. Professor of New Testament, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Caulley, Thomas Scott. Dr.Theol., University of Tubingen. Assistant Professor of Religion, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico.
Chappell, Paul G. Ph.D., Drew University. Associate Dean of Academic Affairs, School of Theology, Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Clark, Gordon H. Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Formerly Professor of Philosophy, Covenant College, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee.
Cleveland, Howard Z. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Formerly Chairman of Language Department, Oak Hills Christian Training School, Bemidji, Minnesota.
Clouse, Robert G. Ph.D., University of Iowa. Professor of History, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana.
Coates, Richard John. M.A., University of Bristol. Sometime Vicar of Christ Church, Weston-Super-Mare, Somerset, England; Lecturer, Tyndale Hall, Bristol, England.
Collins, George Norman MacLeod. B.D., Knox College. Professor Emeritus of Church History, Free Church of Scotland College, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Colquhoun, Frank. M. A., Durham University. Canon Emeritus, Norwich Cathedral, Norwich, England.
Corduan, Winfried. Ph.D., Rice University. Associate Professor of Philosophy and Religion, Taylor University, Upland, Indiana.
Corlett, Lewis T. B.A., Peniel College. Formerly President of Nazarene Theological Seminary, Kansas City, Missouri.
Craigie, PeterC. Ph.D., McMaster University. Dean, Faculty of Humanities, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.
Craston, Richard Colin. B.D., University of London. Vicar of St. Paul with Emmanuel and Rural Dean of Bolton, England.
Crum, Terrelle В. M.A., Harvard University. Sometime Dean of the College, Provi-dence-Barrington Bible College, Providence, Rhode Island.
Cruz, Virgil. Ph.D., Free University. Professor of Biblical Studies, Western Theological Seminary, Holland, Michigan.
Culbertson, Robert G. Ph.D., University of Cincinnati. Professor of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois.
Danker, Frederick W. Ph.D., University of Chicago. Professor, Christ Seminary, Seminex, Chicago, Illinois.
Davids, Peter H. Ph.D., University of Manchester. Visiting Professor of New Testament, Regent College, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Davis, Creath. M.Div., Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. Executive Director, Christian Concern Foundation, Dallas, Texas.
Davis, Donald Gordon. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Sometime Professor of Church History, Talbot Theological Seminary, La Mirada, California.
De Koster, Lester. Ph.D., University of Michigan. Editor Emeritus, The Banner.
Demarest, Bruce A. Ph.D., University of Manchester. Professor of Systematic Theology, Denver Conservative Baptist Theological Seminary, Denver, Colorado.
DeVries, Paul Henry. Ph.D., University of Virginia. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Diehl, David W. Ph.D., Hartford Seminary Foundation. Professor of Religion, The King's College, Briarcliff Manor, New York.
Dieter, Melvin E. Ph.D., Temple University. Professor of Church History and Historical Theology, Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, Kentucky.
Donnelly, John Patrick, S. J. Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison. Associate Professor of History, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Douglas, J. D. Ph.D., Hartford Seminary Foundation. Editor and writer, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland.
Drickamer, John M. Th.D., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Pastor, Immanuel Lutheran Church, Georgetown, Ontario.
Dunbar, David G. Ph.D., Drew University. Assistant Professor of Systematic Theology, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Dyrness, William A. D.Theol., Strasbourg University. President and Professor of Theology, New College Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
Earle, Ralph. Th.D., Gordon Divinity School. Distinguished Professor Emeritus of New Testament, Nazarene Theological Seminary, Kansas City, Missouri.
Edman, V. Raymond. Ph.D., Clark University. Sometime President, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Eller, David B. Ph.D., Miami University. Associate Professor of History, Bluff ton College, Bluffton, Ohio.
Ellis, E. Earle. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Research Professor of New Testament Literature, New Brunswick Theological Seminary, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Elwell, Walter A. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Professor of Bible and Theology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Enroth, Ronald M. Ph.D., University of Kentucky. Professor of Sociology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California.
Erickson, Millard J. Ph.D., Northwestern University. Professor of Theology, Bethel Theological Seminary, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Estep, William R., Jr. Th.D., Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Texas.
Farrer, Michael Robert Wedlake. M.A.,
Oxford University. Vicar, St. Paul’s Church, Cambridge, England.
Feinberg, Charles L. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University. Dean Emeritus and Professor Emeritus of Semitics and Old Testament, Talbot Theological Seminary, La Mirada, California.
Feinberg, John S. Ph.D., University of Chicago. Associate Professor of Biblical and Systematic Theology, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Feinberg, Paul D. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Professor of Biblical and Systematic Theology, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Ferguson, Duncan S. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Chairman, Department of Religion and Philosophy, Whitworth College, Spokane, Washington.
Ferguson, Everett. Ph.D., Harvard University. Professor, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas.
Field, David H. B.A., Cambridge University. Vice-Principal, Oak Hill College, London, England.
Finger, Thomas N. Ph.D., Claremont School of Theology. Associate Professor of Systematic Theology, Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, Lombard, Illinois.
Fisher, Fred Lewis. Th.D., Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. Director and Professor in Residence, Southern California Center, Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary, Mill Valley, California.
Fletcher, David B. Ph.D., University of Illinois. Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Frame, John M. M.Phil., Yale University. Associate Professor of Apologetics and Systematic Theology, Westminster Theological Seminary in California, Escondido, California.
Franklin, Stephen T. Ph.D., University of Chicago. Professor of Systematic Theology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Freundt, Albert H., Jr. M.Div., Columbia Theological Seminary. Professor of Church History and Polity, Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, Mississippi.
Fry, C. George. Ph.D., Ohio State University; D.Min., Winebrenner Theological Seminary. Associate Professor of Historical Theology, Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Gallatin, Harlie Kay. Ph.D., University of Illinois. Professor of History, Southwestern Baptist University, Bolivar, Missouri.
Gasque, W. Ward. Ph.D., University of Manchester. Vice-Principal, Regent College, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Gay, George Arthur. Ph.D., University of Manchester. Senior Associate Professor of New Testament, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Geisler, Norman L. Ph.D., Loyola University of Chicago. Professor of Systematic
Theology, Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas.
German, Terence J., S.J. Ph.D., Oxford University. Professor of Systematics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Gerstner, John H. Ph.D., Harvard University. Professor at Large, Ligonier Valley Study Center, Ligonier, Pennsylvania.
Gill, David W. Ph.D., University of Southern California. Dean and Associate Professor of Christian Ethics, New College Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
Glasser, Arthur F. D.D., Covenant Theological Seminary. Dean Emeritus, School of World Mission, and Senior Professor of Theology and East Asian Studies, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Goddard, Burton L. Th.D., Harvard University. Dean Emeritus, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts.
Goldberg, Louis. Th.D., Grace Theological Seminary. Professor of Theology and Jewish Studies, Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, Illinois.
Gouvea, Fernando Q. M.A., University of Sao Paulo. Formerly Assistant Professor of Mathematics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Granberg, Lars I. Ph.D., University of Chicago. Peter C. and Emajean Cook Professor of Psychology, Hope College, Holland, Michigan.
Grider, J. Kenneth. Ph.D., Glasgow University. Professor of Theology, Nazarene Theological Seminary, Kansas City, Missouri.
Griffith, Howard. M.Div., Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. Associate Pastor, Stony Point Reformed Presbyterian Church, Richmond, Virginia.
Grudem, Wayne A. Ph.D., Cambridge University. Associate Professor of New Testament, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Gruenler, Royce G. Ph.D., University of Aberdeen. Professor of New Testament, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts.
Gundry, Stanley N. S.T.D., Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. Executive Editor, Academic Books, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Guthrie, Donald. Ph.D., University of London. Formerly Vice-Principal, London
Bible College, London, England.
Habermas, Gary R. Ph.D., Michigan State University. Associate Professor of Apologetics and Philosophy, Liberty Baptist College and Seminary, Lynchburg, Virginia.
Hall, Joseph H. Th.D., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Associate Professor of Church History and Librarian, Covenant Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Harm, Frederick R. Th.D., American Divinity School. Pastor, Good Shepherd Lutheran Church, Des Plaines, Illinois; Visiting Professor of Systematic Theology, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Harris, R. Laird. Ph.D., Dropsie College. Professor Emeritus of Old Testament, Covenant Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Harrison, Everett F. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Professor Emeritus of New Testament, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Harrison, R. K. Ph.D., University of London. Professor of Old Testament, Wycliffe College, Toronto, Ontario.
Hasel, Gerhard F. Ph.D., Vanderbilt University. Dean and Professor of Old Testament, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan.
Hawthorne, Gerald F. Ph.D., University of Chicago. Professor of Greek, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Healey, Robert M. Ph.D., Yale University. Professor of Church History, University of Dubuque Theological Seminary, Dubuque, Iowa.
Hein, Rolland N. Ph.D., Purdue University. Professor of English, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Heinze, Rudolph W. Ph. D., University of Iowa. Lecturer in Church History, Oak Hill College, London, England.
Henry, Carl F. H. Th.D., Northern Baptist Theological Seminary; Ph.D., Boston University. Distinguished Visiting Professor of Religion, Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan.
Hesselgrave, David J. Ph.D., University of Minnesota. Professor of World Mission, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Hexham, Irving. Ph.D., University of Bristol. Assistant Professor of Religion, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Higginson, Richard Edwin. B.D., University of London. Formerly Lecturer in Tyn-daleHall, Bristol, England.
Hoehner, Harold W. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary; Ph.D., Cambridge University. Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis, Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas.
Hoffecker, W. Andrew. Ph.D., Brown University. Professor of Religion, Grove City College, Grove City, Pennsylvania.
Hoover, A. J. Ph.D., University of Texas. Professor of History, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas.
Hope, Norman Victor. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Archibald Alexander Professor of Church History Emeritus, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton, New Jersey.
Horn, Carl, III. J.D., University of South Carolina. Attorney, Civil Rights Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.
Houston, James M. D.Phil., Oxford University. Chancellor and Professor of Spiritual Theology, Regent College, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Howe, E. Margaret. Ph.D., University of Manchester. Professor of Religion, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky.
Hubbard, David A. Ph.D., St. Andrews University. President, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Hughes, Philip Edgcumbe. D.Litt., University of Cape Town; Th.D., Australian College of Theology. Professor Emeritus, Trinity Episcopal School for Ministry, Ambridge, Pennsylvania.
Hummel, Horace D. Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University. Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Imbach, Stuart R. Diploma in Bible, Prairie Bible Institute. Communications Department Director, Overseas Missionary Fellowship, Singapore.
Inch, Morris A. Ph.D., Boston University. Professor of Theology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Ippel, Henry P. Ph.D., University of Michigan. Professor of History, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Jewett, Paul K. Ph.D., Harvard University. Professor of Systematic Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Johnson, Alan F. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Professor of Biblical Studies, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Johnson, James E. Ph.D., Syracuse University. Professor of History, Bethel College, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Johnson, John F. Th.D., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis; Ph.D., St. Louis University. Associate Professor of Systematic Theology, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Johnson, S. Lewis. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Professor of Biblical and Systematic Theology, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Johnston, O. Raymond. M.A., Oxford University. Director, Christian Action, Research and Education Trust, London, England.
Johnston, Robert K. Ph.D., Duke University. Dean, North Park Theological Seminary, Chicago, Illinois.
Justice, William G., Jr. D.Min., Luther Rice Seminary. Director of Pastoral Care, East Tennessee Baptist Hospital, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Kantzer, Kenneth S. Ph.D., Harvard University. President, Trinity College, Deerfield, Illinois; Dean Emeritus, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Kelly, Douglas F. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Visiting Professor of Systematic Theology, Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, Mississippi.
Kent, Homer A., Jr. Th.D., Grace Theological Seminary. President, Grace College and Theological Seminary, Winona Lake, Indiana.
Kerr, David W. Th.D., Harvard University. Sometime Professor of Old Testament, Gordon Divinity School, Beverly Farms, Massachusetts.
Kerr, William Nigel. Th.D., Northern Baptist Theological Seminary; Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Professor of Church History and Missions, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts.
Kevan, Ernest F. Ph.D., University of London. Sometime Principal, London Bible College, London, England.
Kistemaker, Simon J. Th.D., Free University. Professor of New Testament, Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, Mississippi.
Klooster, Fred H. Th.D., Free University. Professor of Systematic Theology, Calvin Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Klotz, John W. Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh. Professor of Practical Theology and Director, School for Graduate Studies, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Knight, George W., III. Th.D., Free University. Professor of New Testament, Covenant Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Knox, David Broughton. D.Phil., Oxford University. Formerly Principal of Moore College, Sydney, Australia.
Kroeger, Catherine Clark. M. A., University of Minnesota.
Kroeger, Richard C. S.T.M., University of Iowa. Formerly Assistant Professor of Religion, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico.
Kromminga, Carl Gerhard. Th.D., Free University. Professor of Practical Theology, Calvin Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Kubricht, Paul. Ph.D., Ohio State University. Associate Professor of History, LeTourneau College, Longview, Texas.
Kuhn, HaroldB. Ph.D., Harvard University. Professor Emeritus of Philosophy of Religion, Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, Kentucky.
Kyle, Richard. Ph.D., University of New Mexico. Professor of History and Religion, Tabor College, Hillsboro, Kansas.
La Bar, Martin. Ph.D., University of Wis-consin-Madison. Professor of Science, Central Wesleyan College, Central, South Carolina.
Ladd, George Eldon. Ph.D., Harvard University. Sometime Professor Emeritus of New Testament Theology and Exegesis, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Lamorte, Andre. Th.D., Montpellier University. Sometime Professor of Theology at Aix-en-Provence, France.
LaSor, William Sanford. Th.D., University of California, Los Angeles; Ph.D., Drop-sie University. Professor Emeritus of Old Testament, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Laurin, Robert B. Ph.D., St. Andrews University. Dean, American Baptist Seminary of the West, Berkeley, California.
Lewis, Gordon R. Ph.D., Syracuse University. Professor of Theology and Philosophy, Denver Conservative Baptist Theological Seminary, Denver, Colorado.
Liefeld, Walter L. Ph.D., Columbia University. Professor of New Testament, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Lightner, Robert P. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Associate Professor of Systematic Theology, Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas.
Linder, Robert D. Ph.D., University of Iowa. Professor of History, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
Lindsell, Harold. Ph.D., New York University. Editor Emeritus, Christianity Today.
Lowery, David K. Th.M., Dallas Theological Seminary. Assistant Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis, Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas.
Lundin, Roger. Ph.D., University of Connecticut. Associate Professor of English, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Lyon, Robert W. Ph.D., St. Andrews University. Professor of New Testament Interpretation, Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, Kentucky.
McClelland, Scott E. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Assistant Professor of Religion, The King’s College, Briarcliff Manor, New York.
McComiskey, Thomas Edward. Ph.D., Bran-deis University. Professor of Semitic Languages and Old Testament, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
McDonald, H. D. Ph.D., D.D., University of London. Formerly Vice-Principal, London Bible College, London, England.
Macdonald, Michael H. Ph.D., University of Washington. Professor of German and Philosophy, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington.
McGavran, Donald A. Ph.D., Columbia University. Dean Emeritus and Senior Professor of Mission, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Mclntire, C. T. Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Senior Member in History, Institute for Christian Studies, Toronto, Ontario.
McKim, Donald K. Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh. Assistant Professor of Theology, University of Dubuque Theological Seminary, Dubuque, Iowa.
McRay, John R. Ph.D., University of Chicago. Professor of New Testament and
Archaeology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Magnuson, Norris A. Ph.D., University of Minnesota. Professor of Church History, Bethel Theological Seminary, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Marchant, George John Charles. B.D., University of Durham. Archdeacon Emeritus, Durham Cathedral, Durham, England.
Mare, W. Harold. Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Professor of New Testament, Covenant Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Marshall, Caroline T. Ph.D., University of Virginia. Professor of History, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia.
Martin, Dennis D. Ph.D., University of Waterloo. Editor and Visiting Instructor, Institute of Mennonite Studies, Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries, Elkhart, Indiana.
Masselink, William. Th.D., Free University; Ph.D., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Sometime Teacher of Reformed Doctrine, Reformed Bible College, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Mathew, C. V. Th.M., Serampore University. Lecturer in Religion and Society, Union Biblical Seminary, Pune, India.
Mennell, James E. Ph.D., University of Iowa. Associate Professor of History, Slippery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania.
Mickey, Paul A. Ph.D., Princeton Theological Seminary. Associate Professor of Pastoral Theology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Miller, Douglas J. Ph.D., Claremont School of Theology. Professor of Christian Social Ethics, Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Moberg, David 0. Ph.D., University of Minnesota. Professor of Sociology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Morris, Leon. Ph.D., Cambridge University. Formerly Principal, Ridley College, Melbourne, Australia.
Motyer, J. A. B.D., Trinity College, Dublin. Minister of Christ Church, Westbourne, Dorset, England.
Motyer, Stephen. M.Litt., University of Bristol. Lecturer in New Testament, Oak Hill College, London, England.
Mounce, Robert H. Ph.D., University of Aberdeen. President, Whitworth College, Spokane, Washington.
Mounce, William D. Ph.D., University of Aberdeen. Assistant Professor of New Testament, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California.
Moyer, James C. Ph.D., Brandeis University. Professor of Religious Studies, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri.
Mueller, J. Theodore. Th.D., Xenia Theological Seminary; Ph.D., Webster University. Sometime Professor of Doctrinal and Exegetical Theology, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Nicole, Roger. Ph.D., Harvard University. Andrew Mutch Professor of Theology, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts.
Noll, Mark A. Ph.D., Vanderbilt University. Associate Professor of History and Church History, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Noll, Stephen F. Ph.D., University of Manchester. Assistant Professor of Biblical Studies, Trinity Episcopal School for Ministry, Ambridge, Pennsylvania.
Obitts, Stanley R. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Professor of Philosophy, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California.
Oliver, 0. Guy, Jr. B.D., Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Associate Professor of Christian Mission, Erskine Theological Seminary, Due West, South Carolina.
O’Malley, J. Steven. Ph.D., Drew University. Professor Church History, School of Theology, Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Omanson, Roger L. Ph.D., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Assistant Professor of New Testament Interpretation, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Kentucky.
Osborne, Grant R. Ph.D., University of Aberdeen. Associate Professor of New Testament, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois.
Osterhaven, M. Eugene. Th.D., Princeton Theological Seminary. Albertus С. Van Raalte Professor of Systematic Theology, Western Theological Seminary, Holland, Michigan.
Packer, James I. D.Phil., Oxford University. Professor of Historical and Systematic Theology, Regent College, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Parker, Thomas Henry Louis. D.D., Cambridge University. Formerly Reader in
Theology, University of Durham, Durham, England.
Payne, J. Barton. Ph.D., Princeton Theological Seminary. Sometime Professor of Old Testament, Covenant Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Perkin, Hazel W. M.A., McGill University. Principal, St. Clement's School, Toronto, Ontario.
Pfeiffer, Charles F. Ph.D., Dropsie College. Sometime Professor of Ancient Literatures, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan.
Pierard, Richard V. Ph.D., University of Iowa. Professor of History, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana.
Piggin, F. Stuart. Ph.D., University of London. Senior Lecturer in Religious History, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
Preus, Robert D. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh; D.Theol., Strasbourg University. President, Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Proctor, William Cecil Gibbon. B.D., Trinity College, Dublin. Formerly Lecturer in the Divinity School, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
Pun, Pattle P. T. Ph.D., State University of New York at Buffalo. Associate Professor of Biology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Ramm, Bernard. Ph.D., University of Southern California. Professor of Christian Theology, American Baptist Seminary of the West, Berkeley, California.
Rausch, David A. Ph.D., Kent State University. Professor of Church History and Judaic Studies, Ashland Theological Seminary, Ashland, Ohio.
Rayburn, Robert G. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Professor of Practical Theology, Covenant Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Rayburn, Robert S. Ph.D., University of Aberdeen. Pastor, Faith Presbyterian Church, Tacoma, Washington.
Rehwinkel, Alfred Martin. B.D., St. Stephen’s Theological College. Formerly Professor of Theology, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Reid, William Stanford. Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Professor Emeritus of History, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.
Rennie, Ian S. Ph.D., University of Toronto. Dean and Professor of Church History,
Ontario Theological Seminary, Willow-dale, Ontario.
Renwick, Alexander MacDonald. D.Litt., University of Edinburgh. Sometime Professor of Church History, Free Church of Scotland College, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Reymond, Robert L. Ph.D., Bob Jones University. Professor of Systematic Theology and Apologetics, Covenant Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri.
Ringenberg, William C. Ph.D., Michigan State University. Professor of History, Taylor University, Upland, Indiana.
Ro, Bong Rin. Th.D., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. Executive Secretary, Asia Theological Association, Taichung, Taiwan.
Roberts, Arthur 0. Ph.D., Boston University. Professor of Religion and Philosophy, George Fox College, Newberg, Oregon.
Roberts, Robert C. Ph.D., Yale University. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky.
Robinson, Donald W. B. Th.D., Australian College of Theology. Archbishop of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Robinson, William Childs. Th.D., Harvard University. Sometime Professor of Church History and Polity, Columbia Theological Seminary, Columbia, South Carolina.
Ross, Alexander. M.A., University of Edinburgh. Sometime Professor Emeritus, New Testament Exegesis, Free Church of Scotland College, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Rule, Andrew Kerr. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Formerly Professor of Church History and Apologetics, Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Louisville, Kentucky.
Ryrie, Charles C. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary; Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Professor of Systematic Theology, Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas.
Saucy, Robert L. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Professor of Systematic Theology, Talbot Theological Seminary, La Mirada, California.
Schnucker, Robert V. Ph.D., University of Iowa. Professor of History and Religion, Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville, Missouri.
Scholer, David M. Th.D., Harvard Divinity School. Dean of the Seminary and Professor of New Testament, Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, Lombard, Illinois.
Scott, J. Julius, Jr. Ph.D., University of Manchester. Professor of Bible and Theology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Seerveld, Calvin G. Ph.D., Free University. Senior Member in Philosophical Aesthetics, Institute for Christian Studies, Toronto, Ontario.
Shelley, Bruce L. Ph.D., University of Iowa. Professor of Church History, Denver Conservative Baptist Theological Seminary, Denver, Colorado.
Shelton, R. Larry. Th.D., Fuller Theological Seminary. Director, School of Religion, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington.
Simpson, Dale. Ph.D., Georgia State University. Clinical Director, Family Life Counseling Services, Bryan, Texas.
Singer, Charles Gregg. Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Professor of Church History and Systematic Theology, Atlanta School of Biblical Studies, Atlanta, Georgia.
Skillen, James W. Ph.D., Duke University. Executive Director, Association for Public Justice, Washington, D.C.
Skoglund, Elizabeth R. M. A., Pasadena College. Marriage, Family, and Child Counselor and Writer, Burbank, California.
Smith, Stephen M. Ph.D., Claremont School of Theology. Assistant Professor of Systematic Theology, Trinity Episcopal School for Ministry, Ambridge, Pennsylvania.
Smith, Wilbur M. D.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Sometime Professor of English Bible, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Spiceland, James D. Ph.D., Oxford University. Associate Professor of Philosophy, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky.
Sprunger, Keith L. Ph.D., University of Illinois. Professor of History, Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas.
Stanton, Gerald Barry. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. President, Ambassadors International, West Palm Beach, Florida.
Steeves, Paul D. Ph.D., University of Kansas. Professor of History, Stetson University, De Land, Florida.
Stein, Robert H. Ph.D., Princeton Theological Seminary. Professor of New Testament, Bethel Theological Seminary, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Synan, Vinson. Ph.D., University of Georgia. Executive Director, Department of Evangelism, Pentecostal Holiness Church, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Taylor, Stephen. M. A., Wheaton College.
Tenney, Merrill C. Ph.D., Harvard University. Professor Emeritus of Bible and Theology, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Thomas, Robert L. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Professor of New Testament Language and Literature, Talbot Theological Seminary, La Mirada, California.
Thomson, J. G. S. S. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Formerly Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament, Columbia Theological Seminary, Decatur, Georgia.
Tinder, Donald G. Ph.D., Yale University. Associate Professor of Church History, New College Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
Tongue, Denis Harold. M. A., Cambridge University. Formerly Lecturer in New Testament, Tyndale Hall, Bristol, England.
Toon, Peter. D. Phil., Oxford University. Director of Postordinational Training, Diocese of St. Edmundsbury and Ipswich, Boxford, England.
Troutman, Richard L. Ph.D., University of Kentucky. Professor of History, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky.
Tuttle, Robert G., Jr. Ph.D., University of Bristol. Professor of Historical Theology, School of Theology, Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Unger, Merrill F. Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University; Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary. Sometime Chairman of Old Testament Department, Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas.
Unmack, Robert V. Th.D., Central Baptist Theological Seminary. Sometime Professor of New Testament, Central Baptist Theological Seminary, Kansas City, Kansas.
VanderMolen, Ronald J. Ph.D., Michigan State University. Professor of History, California State College, Stanislaus, Turlock, California.
Van Engen, John. Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles. Professor of History, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
Van Gemeren, Willem A. Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison. Associate Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature, Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, Mississippi.
Vos, Howard F. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary; Ph.D., Northwestern University. Professor of History and Archaeology, The King’s College, Briarcliff Manor, New York.
Waetjen, Herman Charles. Th.D., University of Tubingen. Robert S. Dollar Professor of New Testament, San Francisco Theological Seminary, San Francisco, California.
Wallace, David H. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Formerly Associate Professor of Biblical Theology, California Baptist Theological Seminary, Covina, California.
Wallace, Ronald Stewart. Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Professor Emeritus of Biblical Theology, Columbia Theological Seminary, Columbia, South Carolina.
Walls, Andrew Finlay. B.Litt., Cambridge University. Professor of Religious Studies, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
Walter, Victor L. Th.M., Princeton Theological Seminary. Pastor, Calvary Mennonite Church, Aurora, Oregon.
Walvoord, John F. Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary; D.D., Wheaton College. President, Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas.
Ward, Wayne E. Th.D., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Professor of Theology, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Kentucky.
Weaver, J. Denny. Ph.D., Duke University. Professor of Religion, Bluffton College, Bluffton, Ohio.
Weber, Timothy P. Ph.D., University of Chicago. Associate Professor of Church History, Denver Conservative Baptist Theological Seminary, Denver, Colorado.
Webster, Douglas D. Ph.D., University of Toronto. Professor of Theology, Ontario Theological Seminary, Willowdale, Ontario.
Weinrich, William C. Th.D., University of Basel. Associate Professor of Early Church History and Patristic Studies, Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Wenger, J. C. Th.D., University of Zurich. Professor of Historical Theology, Goshen Biblical Seminary, Elkhart, Indiana.
Wheaton, David H. M.A., University of
London. Principal, Oak Hill College, London, England.
White, R. E. 0. B.D., University of London. Theological writer.
White, Ronald C., Jr. Ph.D., Princeton University. Associate Director of Continuing Education and Lecturer in Church History, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton, New Jersey.
Whitlock, Luder G., Jr. D.Min., Vanderbilt University. President, Reformed Theological Seminary, Jackson, Mississippi.
Williams, J. Rodman. Ph.D., Columbia University. Professor of Christian Theology, School of Biblical Studies, CBN University, Virginia Beach, Virginia.
Wilson, Marvin R. Ph.D., Brandeis University. Ockenga Professor of Biblical Studies, Gordon College, Wenham, Massachusetts.
Wolf, Herbert M. Ph.D., Brandeis University. Associate Professor of Old Testament, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
Wood, James E., Jr. Ph.D., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Simon and Ethel Bunn Professor of Church-State Studies and Director, Institute of Church-State Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas.
Woolley, Paul. Th.M., Princeton Theological Seminary. Professor Emeritus of Church History, Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Woudstra, Marten H. Th.D., Westminster Theological Seminary. Professor of Old Testament Studies, Calvin Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Wright, David F. M.A., Cambridge University. Senior Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Wright, John Stafford. M.A., Cambridge University. Formerly Principal, Tyndale Hall, Bristol, England.
Wyngaarden, Martin J. Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. Sometime Professor of Old Testament Interpretation, Calvin Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Youngblood, Ronald. Ph.D., Dropsie College. Professor of Old Testament and Hebrew, Bethel Seminary West, San Diego, California.
Zerner, Ruth. Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Associate Professor of History, Lehman College, City University of New York, New York, New York.
англ. английский
авг. август
ап. апостол
апр. апрель
арам. арамейский
букв. буквальный
В. восток
в., вв. век, века
вар. вариант
ВЗ Ветхий Завет
в.-з. ветхозаветный
вт.ч. в том числе
вкл. включительно, включая
вост. восточный
дек. декабрь
доел. дословный (-о)
др.... древне-...
др. другой
евр. еврейский
ед.ч. единственное число
en. епископ
ж-л журнал
жен. женский
зап. западный
мл. младший
млн. миллион
млрд. миллиард
мн.ч. множественное число
муж. мужской
НЗ Новый Завет
н.-з. новозаветный
н.э. наша эра
напр. например
нач. начало
нек-рый некоторый
нем. немецкий
нояб. ноябрь
пер. перевод (чик)
пол. половина
преп. преподобный
проч. прочий (-ее)
р.... ранне-...
р-н район
разд. раздел
ред. редактор, редакция
с.усс. страница, страницы
сб. сборник
св. святой, священный
сев. северный
сент. сентябрь
Септ. Септуагинта
сер. середина
синод. синодальный
сл.о. следующим образом
см. смотри
сокр. сокращенно (-ный)
соотв. соответственно
ср. сравни
ср.... средне-...
ср.-век. средневековый
ст. стих, статья, старший
т. том, тома
т.д. так далее
т.е. то есть
т.н. так называемый
т.п. тому подобный
т. о. таким образом
Тг. Таргум
тыс. тысяча
фев. февраль
цит. цитата
янв. январь
ANF TheAnte-Nicene Fathers, ed. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson
APTR The American Presbyterian and Theological Review
AQ American Quarterly
ASR American Sociological Review
ATR Anglican Theological Review
Aug Augustinianum
AugS Augustinian Studies
AU SS Andrew's University Seminary Studies
A V Authorized Version of the Bible
BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library
Blunt Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology, ed. J. H. Blunt
BR Biblical Research
BRM Biblical Research Monthly
BS Bibliotheca Sacra
ВТ The Bible Today
BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin
CattDi Catholic Digest
CBQ The Catholic Biblical Quarterly
CCen The Christian Century
Ccri Christianity and Crisis
CGT Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools and Colleges
CH Church History
CHR The Catholic Historical Review
Chu Churchman
CJ The Classical Journal
Con Concilium
CongQ Congregational Quarterly
CQ Covenant Quarterly
CQR Church Queerly Review
CT Christianity Today
CTJ Calvin Theological Journal
CTM Concordia Theological Monthly
CTQ Concordia Theological Quarterly
CW The Catholic World
DBSup Dictionnaire de la Bible, supplement, ed. L. Pirot
DCB A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines, ed. W. Smith and H. Wace
DCE Baker's Dictionary of Christian Ethics,ed. C. F. H. Henry
DNB Dictionary of National Biography
DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers
DTC Dictionnaire de theologie catholique, ed. A. Vacant, E. Mangenot, and E. Amann
EB Encyclopaedia Biblica, ed. T. K. Cheyne and J. S. Black
EJ Encyclopaedia Judaica
EncyBrit Encyclopaedia Britannica
ER Encyclopedia of Religion, ed. V. Ferm
ER V English Revised Version of the Bible
Eter Eternity
EvQ Evangelical Quarterly
Exp The Expositor
Exp T The Expository Times
FH Fides et Historia
GM The Gospel Magazine
Greg Gregorianum
HBD Harper's Bible Dictionary, M. S. Miller and J.L. Miller
HDAC Dictionary of the Apostolic Church, ed. J. Hastings
HDB A Dictionary of the Bible, ed. J. Hastings
HDCG A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels, ed.J. Hastings
HDSB Harvard Divinity [School] Bulletin Her Hermes
HERE Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, ed.J. Hastings
HLR Human Life Review
HMPEC Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
HTR Harvard Theological Review
HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual
HZNT Handbuch zum Neuen Testament
IB The Interpreter's Bible
IBD The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, ed. W. C. Piercy
ICC The International Critical Commentary
1DB The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, ed. G. A. Buttrick
IDB Supplement The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, supplementary volume ed. K.Crim
IEJ Israel Exploration JoumaI
Int Interpretation
1RM International Review of Mission
ISBE The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, ed. J. Orr
ISBE (rev.) The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, ed. G. W. Bromiley
ITQ Irish Theological Quarterly
JAAR Journal of the American Academy of Religion
JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society
JASA Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation JBL Journal of Biblical Literature
JCMHS The Journal of the Calvinistic Methodist Historical Society JCR The Journal of Christian Reconstruction
JCS Journal of Church and State Jeev Jeevadhara
JEH The Journal of Ecclesiastical History
JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
JHBS Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences
JHI Journal of the History of Ideas
JJS Journal of Jewish Studies
JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies
JPH Journal of Presbyterian History
JPSP Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
JPT Journal of Psychology and Theology
JQR The Jewish Quarterly Review
JR The Journal of Religion
JRH Journal of Religion and Health
JSS Journal of Semitic Studies
JTS The Journal of Theological Studies
Kat Katallagete
LCC The Library of Christian Classics
Lesh Leshonenu
LTK Lexikon fur Theologie und Kirche, ed. I. Buchberger, J. Hofer, and ?. Rahner
LUA Lunds UniversitetsArskrift
LXX Septuagint
MarS Marian Studies
McCQ McCormick Quarterly
MissRev Missiology: An International Review
MP Modem Philology
MQR The Mennonite Quarterly Review
MSt Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature ed. J. McClintock and J. Strong
NAB New American Bible
NASB New American Standard Bible
NatGeo National Geographic
NBC The New Bible Commentary,(1st edition) ed. F. Davidson, (3d edition) ed. D. Guthrie and J. A. Motyer
NBD The New Bible Dictionary, ed. J. D. Douglas
NCE New Catholic Encyclopedia
NEB New English Bible
NEQ The New England Quarterly
NIDCC The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. J. D. Douglas
NIDNTT The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, ed. C. Brown
NIV New International Version of the Bible
NKJV New King James Version of the Bible
NovT Novum Testamentum
NPNF [A Select Library of] The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ed. P. Schaff and H. Wace
NT New Testament
NTS New Testament Studies
NZSTR Neue Zeitschrift fur systematischem Theologie und Religionsphilosophie
ОDCС The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. E L. Cross
ОТ Old Testament
OTS Oudtestamentische Studien
PAPS Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
PBA Proceedings of the British A cademy PC The Presbyterian Communique
PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly PI The Public Interest
PP Pastoral Psychology
PPR Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
PRE Realencyklopadie fur protestantische Theologie und Kirche, ed. J. J. Herzog and A. Hauck
Presb Presbyterion
PRR The Presbyterian and Reformed Review
Pru Prudentia
PTR The Princeton Theological Review
Rat Ratio
RB Revue biblique
RCDA Religion in Communist Dominated Areas
RE Review and Expositor
RelEd Religious Education
RelS Religions Studies
Rev Revelation
RevM The Review of Metaphysics
RGG Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegen -wart
RQ Restoration Quarterly
RQum Revue de Qumran
RR Reformed Review
RRR Review of Religious Research
RSCHS Record of the Scottish Church History Society
RSV Revised Standard Version of the Bible
RTR The Reformed Theological Review
RTWB A Theological Word Book of the Bible, ed. A. Richardson
RUS Rice University Studies
RV Revised Version of the Bible
SBk Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, ed. H. Strack and P. Billerbeck
Sei Science
SciAm Scientific American
SCJ The Sixteenth Century Journal
SCPJ SCP Journal
Sem Semeia
SHERK The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, ed. S. M. Jackson
SJT Scottish Journal of Theology
SwJT Southwestern Journal of Theology
Tar Tarbiz
ТВ Tyndale Bulletin
TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. G. Kittel and G. Friedrich
TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, ed. G. J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren
Them Themelios Theol Theology TheolEd Theological Education Tht Thought
TJ Trinity Journal
TS Theological Studies
TWOT Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, ed. R. L. Harris, G. L. Archer, Jr., and В. K. Waltke
TZ Theologische Zeitschrift
VC Vigiliae Christianae
VoxT Vox Theologica VT Vetus Testamentum
WBE Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, ed. C. F. Pfeiffer, H. F. Vos, and J. Rea
WitD The Wittenburg Door
WITJ Wesleyan Theological Journal
WmTj The Westminster Theological Journal
ZAW Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
ZKT Zeitschrift fur katholische Theologie
ZNW Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft
ZPEB The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible,ed. М. С. Tenney
ZTK Zeitschrift fur Theologie und Kirche
Философ, теолог и преподаватель, родился в Бретани. Жизнь Абеляра проходила в постоянных столкновениях с церковными властями и изобиловала драматическими коллизиями личного характера. Он прошел курс обучения у знаменитых теологов и стал яркой интеллектуальной звездой в Парижской соборной школе. Абеляр по праву мог стать ведущим мыслителем своей эпохи, однако этому помешали любовная связь и тайный брак с прекрасной и одаренной Элоизой.
Философия того времени, решая проблему универсалий, опиралась на авторитет Боэция (ок. 480-524), к-рый считал, что они обладают реальным существованием. Однако против этого традиционного реализма выступили сторонники номинализма, к-рые видели в универсалиях лишь имена (nomina) вещей. Абеляр выработал умеренную версию реализма, края избегала крайностей обоих учений и в то же время включала в себя сильные стороны и реализма, и номинализма. Абеляр продемонстрировал логические следствия из нек-рых важнейших различий между словом, обозначающим вещь, самой вещью и понятием этой вещи, существующим в нашем интеллекте. Т.о., универсалии, согласно Абеляру, - не просто "звуки голоса" {flatus vocis), как полагали крайние номиналисты; в то же время нельзя считать, что они существуют сами по себе, независимо от нашего сознания, в чем были убеждены крайние реалисты. Скорее, универсалии - это понятия нашего интеллекта, к-рые обладают объективной реальностью лишь благодаря абстрагирующей силе мышления. Философия Абеляра помещает универсалии в особую категорию реальности, в силу чего Бог- не универсалия, а отдельные вещи - отнюдь не единственная реальность.
В теологии взгляд Абеляра на искупление обычно называют теорией нравственного воздействия. Абеляр отвергал разделявшуюся предыдущим поколением теологов концепцию Ансельма Кентерберийского, согласно крой искупительная жертва Христа была необходима для прощения грехов. Абеляр полагал, что Бог по своей неизреченной благости простил людям их грехи до пришествия Христа. Критикуя Ансельма, Абеляр утверждал, что Бог, Который есть любовь, добровольно взял на себя бремя страдания, навлеченного грехами людей. Этот акт божественной милости, принятой свободно и не требующей oт человека к.-л. возмещения за грехи, пробуждает в нем благодарность и любовь к Богу. В Богочеловеке Иисусе Христе люди видят то, чем они должны быть, - они осознают свою греховность, а божественная любовь, края зримо действует через Иисуса, порождает в них ответный отклик и вызывает к жизни новые источники любви, находящей воплощение в достойном поведении. Так прощеный грешник становится подлинно новым творением.
В сочинении Sic et Non ("Да и Нет"), написанном ок. 1120г., Абеляр разбирает вопросы, к-рые составляли главный предмет философских споров эпохи, - о роли веры и разума в теологии. В этом произведении Абеляр предложил новые методологические подходы в теологии, а также показал недостаточность опоры только на высказывания отцов Церкви, труды к-рых широко использовались теологами для обоснования своих построений. В сочинении Sic et Non он привел 158 теологических положений и сопроводил каждое из них цитатами из трудов отцов Церкви, зачастую противоречащими друг другу. Т.о., Абеляр показал, что одной лишь ссылки на тот или иной церковный авторитет в методологическом смысле недостаточно. В разрешении вопросов, допускавших множество различных толкований, теологу необходимо применять свои интеллектуальные способности. Отсюда еледует, что в отыскании истины разум должен играть не менее важную роль, чем откровение и традиция. Этот метод сделал Абеляра главным представителем новой школы спекулятивной теологии, края подготовила почву для теологии Фомы Аквинского в XIII в. Абеляра по праву можно считать одним из пионеров средневековой схоластики.
В последние годы жизни Абеляра Бернар Клервоский обвинил его в том, что он пользуется неортодоксальными методами при обучении своих студентов. В 1141г. нек-рые сочинения Абеляра были запрещены Саннским собором. Он подал апелляцию к папе, однако умер на пути в Рим в аббатстве Клюни в 1142 г.
